Description
Description And Symptoms
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but it can also attack any part of the body such as the kidney, spine, and brain. Not everyone infected with TB bacteria becomes sick.
People with active TB disease in the lungs or voice box can spread the disease. They release tiny droplets that carry the bacteria through the air. This can happen when they’re speaking, singing, laughing, coughing or sneezing. A person can get an infection after inhaling the droplets.
The disease is more likely to spread when people spend a lot of time together in an indoor space. So the disease spreads easily in places where people live or work together for long periods. Also, the disease spreads more easily in crowded gatherings.
A person with a latent TB infection cannot pass the disease to other people. A person taking drugs to treat active TB disease usually can’t pass the disease after 2 to 3 weeks of treatment.
Symptoms
When tuberculosis (TB) germs survive and multiply in the lungs, it is called a TB infection. A TB infection may be in one of three stages. Symptoms are different in each stage.
Primary TB infection. The first stage is called the primary infection. Immune system cells find and capture the germs. The immune system may completely destroy the germs. But some captured germs may still survive and multiply.
Most people don’t have symptoms during a primary infection. Some people may get flu-like symptoms, such as:
- Low fever.
- Tiredness.
- Cough.
Latent TB infection. Primary infection is usually followed by the stage called latent TB infection. Immune system cells build a wall around lung tissue with TB germs. The germs can’t do any more harm if the immune system keeps them under control. But the germs survive. There are no symptoms during latent TB infection.
Active TB disease. Active TB disease happens when the immune system can’t control an infection. Germs cause disease throughout the lungs or other parts of the body. Active TB disease may happen right after primary infection. But it usually happens after months or years of latent TB infection.
Symptoms of active TB disease in the lungs usually begin gradually and worsen over a few weeks. They may include:
- Cough.
- Coughing up blood or mucus.
- Chest pain.
- Pain with breathing or coughing.
- Fever.
- Chills.
- Night sweats.
- Weight loss.
- Not wanting to eat.
- Tiredness.
- Not feeling well in general.
Active TB disease outside the lungs. TB infection can spread from the lungs to other parts of the body. This is called extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Symptoms vary depending on what part of the body is infected. Common symptoms may include:
- Fever.
- Chills.
- Night sweats.
- Weight loss.
- Not wanting to eat.
- Tiredness.
- Not feeling well in general.
- Pain near the site of infection.
Active TB disease in the voice box is outside the lungs, but it has symptoms more like disease in the lungs.
Common sites of active TB disease outside the lungs include:
- Kidneys.
- Liver.
- Fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
- Heart muscles.
- Genitals.
- Lymph nodes.
- Bones and joints.
- Skin.
- Walls of blood vessels.
- Voice box, also called larynx.
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